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Monday, 12 July 2010 12:05
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Public Statement From UN Special Rapporteur On Law Of The Right To Prior Consultation For Indigenous Peoples In Peru

 

Translated from Spanish, Original Below

 

Public Statement Of The Special Rapporteur On Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms Of Indigenous People, James Anaya, On The "Law Of The Right To Prior Consultation With Indigenous Peoples Or Originating Recognized In The Convention No. 169 Of The International Labour Organization" Approved By The Congress Of The Republic Of Peru

 

On May 26, 2010, the Special Rapporteur on human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, James Anaya, issued a press release noting with satisfaction the adoption of the "Law of the right to prior consultation with indigenous peoples or originating recognized in the Convention No. 169 of the International Labour Organization" by the Congress of the Republic on May 19, 2010. He had noticed that the bill represented a significant advance in the national legislation on human rights of indigenous peoples, which could set an important precedent as "good practice" for other countries in the region and the world. In addition, the Special Rapporteur expressed his hope that the government promulgated the law during the period that corresponds under national law, and that the new law is applied and implemented in a manner consistent with Peru's international obligations regarding the rights of indigenous peoples.

 

The Special Rapporteur notes that, similarly, the bodies of the International Labour Organization have also urged the Government of Peru to "ensure that the new law is signed prior consultation and implementation" (Report of the Committee on Application of ILO Standards and conclusions adopted by the plenary of the International Labour Conference on June 17, 2010).

 

In this connection, the Special Rapporteur wishes to refer to the letter signed by Mr. Alan Garcia Perez, Constitutional President of the Republic, and Mr Javier Velásquez Quesquén, President of the Council of Ministers, dated June 21, 2010, addressed to Luis Alva Castro, President of Congress, which presents the comments of the Executive Branch on "Law of the right to prior consultation with indigenous peoples or originating recognized in the Convention No. 169 of the International Labour Organization . The Special Rapporteur notes with concern that, instead of enacting the law passed by the full Congress, the President returned the bill to the legislature for discussion again based on their views on the provisions of the law.

 

While the Special Rapporteur does not intend by this statement do a thorough assessment of the comments of the executive over the Act, it considers important to comment on the references in those comments to what stated above, the Special Rapporteur and to make some clarifications .

 

In its comments of June 21, 2010, the Executive referred to the 2009 annual report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council, in which the Special Rapporteur made an analysis of the duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples ( A/HRC/12/34). The comments of the executive, cited the report of the Special Rapporteur to support its proposal to amend the law passed by Congress consultation. The purpose of the amendment proposed by the Executive to clarify the supremacy of the Government on decisions affecting indigenous peoples in those cases where agreements are not reached within the consultation process framed by the law. It is emphasized that the Special Rapporteur has stated that the principles of consultation does not imply a right of veto in favor of the indigenous party.

 

In this regard, the Special Rapporteur wishes to make the following clarification on their views on the principles of consultation in relation to the law under consideration. These opinions are based on its assessment of Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, the American Convention on Human Rights as interpreted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples, among other instruments.

 

1. When the Special Rapporteur states that indigenous peoples do not enjoy a right of veto in the context of the consultation process, refers to this approach, in their opinion unsustainable, an absolute power to decide unilaterally ban or prevent, based any justification or no, any proposal or decision made by the State which may affect them. To speak of a right of veto in this regard, when it comes to matters that may be of interest not only legitimate the indigenous but also for the national society in general, is not consistent with the rule of participatory consultation is incorporated into the international standards.

 

2. However, as noted by the Special Rapporteur in the past, international law does provide consultation requirements that limit state power and promoting intercultural dialogue and consensus on decisions that may directly affect the indigenous peoples. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that the question of state power in relation to consultation with indigenous peoples is not exhausted, nor his view, can be treated appropriately, focusing on the question of whether or not there veto power by the indigenous party.

 

3. The duty of States to consult indigenous people, sitting in international law, is based on, and in turn makes possible the pursuit of a number of fundamental human rights including the right to self-determination and the right to cultural integrity, among other rights. The fact that States have accepted the duty to consult and the underlying fundamental human rights within the scope of international law necessarily work as one limiting the exercise of state power to fulfill obligations.

 

4. The duty to consult with indigenous peoples on matters directly affecting them aims to achieve the free, prior and informed, which means good faith processes where decisions are made through consensus between the parties and state Indians. Furthermore, in those cases where the impact of a proposal or initiative on the welfare or rights of indigenous people is significant, the consent of the indigenous party, by way of an agreement, not only is the objective of the consultation but it is also a required precondition for the implementation of the proposed measure. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples points to two examples of situations where consent is required beyond being a target of the query: the event that the project will lead to the transfer of land outside their group traditional and cases related to the storage and dumping of toxic waste on indigenous lands (Articles 10 and 29, para. 2, respectively). The Special Rapporteur also add, as an example where indigenous consent is required, the case of a proposed installation of extraction of natural resources within a territory where such activities tuviesen indigenous social, cultural and environmental significance.

 

5. In all cases where the query is applied to indigenous peoples, the principle of good faith implies a negotiation in which all parties are willing to listen and compromise on their positions, and defend their legitimate interests, and in which agreements binding on both parties. The State has a special responsibility to balance the various conflicting rights and interests in relation to the proposed measures, using the criteria of necessity, proportionality and the achievement of legitimate objectives in a democratic society. The Indian side would be justified in not consent, not on a unilateral right of veto, but if the state does not adequately demonstrate that the rights of affected indigenous community were adequately protected under the proposed measure or project, or demonstrated no substantial negative impacts would be appropriately mitigated. On the other hand, if the State decided to go ahead with a legislative or administrative measure without an agreement, should be only after you have completed all procedural requirements of the consultation, and only with arrangements to ensure that the project did not have a social impact significant environmental or cultural on the indigenous people concerned and they had to safeguard all their rights, including their right to set their own priorities for development.

 

The Special Rapporteur believes that the so-called "law of the right to prior consultation with indigenous peoples or originating recognized in the Convention No. 169 of the International Labour Organization, as approved by the Congress of the Republic of Peru, is consistent with the criteria set forth above, based on a reading of Convention No. 169 and other applicable international instruments. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his call for the enactment and enforcement of the law of consultation adopted by Congress.

 

Spanish Original

 

Declaración pública del Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales de los indígenas, James Anaya, sobre la “Ley del derecho a la consulta previa a los pueblos indígenas u originarios reconocido en el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional de Trabajo” aprobada por el Congreso de la República del Perú

 

El 26 de mayo de 2010, El Relator Especial sobre los derechos humanos y libertades fundamentales de los indígenas, James Anaya, emitió un comunicado de prensa tomando nota con agrado la aprobación de la “Ley del derecho a la consulta previa a los pueblos indígenas u originarios reconocido en el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional de Trabajo” por el Congreso de la República el 19 de mayo de 2010. Había notado que dicho proyecto de ley representaba un avance significativo dentro de la legislación nacional en materia de los derechos humanos de los pueblos indígenas, lo cual podría establecer un precedente importante como “buena práctica” para otros países de la región y del mundo. Asimismo, el Relator Especial expresó sus deseos de que el Poder Ejecutivo promulgara la ley durante el periodo que le corresponde bajo la legislación nacional, y que la nueva ley sea aplicada e implementada de manera congruente con las obligaciones internacionales del Perú en materia de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas.

 

El Relator Especial toma nota que, similarmente, los órganos de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo también han instado al Gobierno del Perú a “que garantice que la nueva ley de consulta previa sea firmada y puesta en práctica” (Informe de la Comisión de Aplicación de Normas de la OIT y conclusiones adoptadas por el pleno de la Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo el 17 de junio de 2010).

 

En esta conexión, el Relator Especial quisiera referirse a la carta firmada por el Sr. Alan García Pérez, Presidente Constitucional de la República, y el Sr. Javier Velásquez Quesquén, Presidente del Consejo de Ministros, con fecha de 21 de junio de 2010, dirigida a Luis Alva Castro, Presidente del Congreso de la República, la cual presenta las observaciones del Poder Ejecutivo sobre la “Ley del derecho a la consulta previa a los pueblos indígenas u originarios reconocido en el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo”. El Relator Especial toma nota con preocupación que, en lugar de promulgar la ley aprobada por el pleno del Congreso, el Presidente devolvió el proyecto de ley al Poder Legislativo para debatirse nuevamente en base a sus observaciones sobre las disposiciones de la ley.

 

Si bien el Relator Especial no pretende mediante la presente declaración hacer una evaluación exhaustiva de las observaciones del Poder Ejecutivo sobre la mencionada ley, sí considera importante comentar sobre las referencias hechas en aquellas observaciones a lo que ha expuesto anteriormente el Relator Especial y hacer algunas aclaraciones.

 

En sus observaciones del 21 de junio de 2010, el Poder Ejecutivo hace referencia al informe anual de 2009 del Relator Especial al Consejo de Derechos Humanos, en el cual el Relator Especial hacía un análisis del deber de los Estados de consultar con los pueblos indígenas (A/HRC/12/34). En las observaciones del Ejecutivo, se cita al informe de Relator Especial para fundamentar su propuesta de enmendar la ley de consulta aprobada por el Congreso. El objetivo de la enmienda propuesta por el Ejecutivo es precisar la supremacía del Gobierno en torno a decisiones que afectan a los pueblos indígenas en aquellos casos en que no se logren acuerdos dentro del proceso de consulta enmarcado por la ley. Se hace hincapié en que el Relator Especial haya declarado que los principios de consulta no implican un derecho de veto a favor de la parte indígena.

 

Al respecto, el Relator Especial quisiera hacer las siguientes aclaraciones sobre sus opiniones acerca de los principios de consulta en relación con la ley bajo consideración. Estas opiniones se basan en sus apreciaciones del Convenio No. 169 de la OIT sobre pueblos indígenas y tribales en países independientes, la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos tal como ha sido interpretada por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, y la Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los derechos de los pueblos indígenas, entre otros instrumentos.

 

1. Cuando el Relator Especial afirma que los pueblos indígenas no gozan de un derecho al veto en el contexto de los procesos de consulta, se refiere a aquel planteamiento, a su juicio insostenible, de un poder de decisión absoluto de vedar o impedir unilateralmente, con base en cualquiera justificación o sin ninguna, toda propuesta o decisión hecha por el Estado que les pueda afectar. Hablar de un derecho de veto en tal sentido, cuando se trata de asuntos que puedan ser de interés legítimos no solo por la parte indígena sino también para la sociedad nacional en general, no es coherente con la norma de consulta participativa que se incorpora en la normativa internacional.

 

2. Sin embargo, tal como ha señalado el Relator Especial en ocasiones anteriores, la normativa internacional sí establece requisitos de consulta que limitan el poder del Estado y que promueven el diálogo intercultural y el consenso en cuanto a la toma de decisiones que puedan afectar directamente a los pueblos indígenas. Por lo tanto, el Relator Especial quisiera enfatizar que la cuestión del poder estatal en relación con la consulta con los pueblos indígenas no se agota, ni a juicio del Relator Especial, se puede tratar apropiadamente, enfocándose en la cuestión de que si existe o no un poder de veto por la parte indígena.

 

3. El deber de los Estados de consultar a los pueblos indígenas, sentado en el derecho internacional, se fundamenta en, y a la vez hace posible, el ejercicio de una serie de derechos humanos fundamentales, incluyendo el derecho a la libre determinación y el derecho a la integridad cultural, entre otros derechos. El hecho que los Estados hayan aceptado el deber de consultar y los derechos humanos fundamentales subyacentes dentro del ámbito del derecho internacional, funciona necesariamente como un limitante al ejercicio del poder estatal para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones correspondientes.

 

4. El deber de consultar con los pueblos indígenas en relación con asuntos que les afectan directamente tiene como objetivo lograr el consentimiento libre, previo e informado, lo que implica procesos de buena fe en donde se toman las decisiones por medio del consenso entre las partes estatales e indígenas. Además, en aquellos casos en que el impacto de una propuesta o iniciativa sobre el bienestar o derechos de un pueblo indígena es significativo, el consentimiento de la parte indígena, por medio de un acuerdo, no solamente es el objetivo de la consulta pero también es una precondición exigible para la ejecución de la medida propuesta. La Declaración de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas señala dos ejemplos de situaciones en que el consentimiento es exigible mas allá de ser un objetivo de la consulta: el caso en que el proyecto dé lugar al traslado del grupo fuera de sus tierras tradicionales y los casos relacionados con el almacenamiento o vertimiento de desechos tóxicos en las tierras indígenas (arts. 10 y 29, párr. 2, respectivamente). El Relator Especial agregaría además, como ejemplo en el que se requiere el consentimiento indígena, el caso de una propuesta de instalación de actividades de extracción de recursos naturales dentro de un territorio indígena cuando esas actividades tuviesen impactos sociales, culturales y ambientales significativos.

 

5. En todos los casos en que se aplica la consulta con los pueblos indígenas, el principio de buena fe implica una negociación en donde todas las partes involucradas estén dispuestas a escuchar y ceder en sus posiciones, y defender sus legítimos intereses, y en el que los acuerdos alcanzados vinculen a ambas partes. Corresponde al Estado una especial responsabilidad de balancear los diferentes derechos e intereses enfrentados en relación con las medidas propuestas, siguiendo los criterios de necesidad, proporcionalidad y la consecución de objetivos legítimos dentro de una sociedad democrática. La parte indígena podría verse justificada en no otorgar su consentimiento, no en base a un derecho unilateral de veto, sino siempre y cuando el Estado no demostrara adecuadamente que los derechos de la comunidad indígena afectada fueran debidamente protegidos bajo la medida o proyecto propuesto, o no demostrara que los impactos negativos sustanciales fueran debidamente mitigados. Por otro lado, si el Estado decidiera avanzar con una medida legislativa o administrativa sin un acuerdo, debería ser solamente después de haber cumplido con todos los requisitos procedimentales de la consulta, y solamente con arreglos que aseguren que el proyecto no tuviese un impacto social, cultural o ambiental significativo sobre el pueblo indígena afectado y que hubiesen medidas para salvaguardar todos sus derechos, inclusive su derecho a sentar sus propias prioridades para el desarrollo.

 

El Relator Especial considera que la denominada “Ley del derecho a la consulta previa a los pueblos indígenas u originarios reconocido en el Convenio No. 169 de la Organización Internacional de Trabajo”, tal como ha sido aprobada por el Congreso de la República de Perú, es coherente con los criterios expuestos arriba, que se basan en una lectura del Convenio No. 169 y de otros instrumentos internacionales aplicables. Por lo tanto, el Relator Especial reitera su llamado a que se promulgue y que se aplique la ley de consulta aprobada por el Congreso.



Last Updated on Monday, 12 July 2010 20:38
 




 
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On This Day in Indigenous History

Sunday, 02 September 1838
Last Sovereign Queen of Hawai'i Born

On This Day: In 1838 the last sovereign Queen of Hawai'i, Lydia Kamakaʻeha Kaola Maliʻi Liliʻuokalani, was born. Liliʻuokalani inherited the throne from her brother Kalakaua on 29 January 1891. On 14 January 1893, a group composed of Americans and Europeans formed a Committee of Safety seeking to overthrow the Hawaiian Kingdom, depose the Queen, and seek annexation to the United States. The Queen was deposed on 17 January 1893 and temporarily relinquished her throne to "the superior military forces of the United States". She had hoped the United States, like Great Britain earlier in Hawaiian history, would restore Hawaii's sovereignty to the rightful holder.


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